No official studies have been conducted on the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on humans (as is often the case with illicit and potentially toxic compounds); [71] However, case studies and the effects of patients seeking medical help after taking synthetic cannabinoids have been published. Each of the many different synthetic cannabinoids can have different effects at different doses. The CDC described synthetic cannabinoid overdoses between 2010 and 2015, and of 277 patients who overdosed on the drug who reported synthetic cannabinoid as the only active ingredient, 66.1% reported central nervous system problems (e.g., agitation, coma, toxic psychosis), 17% reported cardiovascular problems (e.g., tachycardia, bradycardia), 7.6% reported lung problems (of which 5.4% had respiratory depression) and 4% reported acute kidney injury. [72] The Chilean Ministry of Health declared illegal the sale of counterfeit synthetic cannabis on April 24, 2009. [183] At the same time, because of the illegality and the underground market, it is impossible to get a pearl on what the current brewing is. Politically, there doesn`t seem to me to be much politics when it comes to reforms. In a way, it has almost been forgotten. The Austrian Ministry of Health announced on 18 December 2008 that Spice is controlled under Article 78 of its Medicinal Products Act because it contains an active ingredient that affects body functions and the legality of JWH-018 is being verified. [118] [119] [120] The UK controls synthetic cannabinoids analogous under the Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971 as Class B drugs. [144] Until 2016, synthetic cannabinoids were legally sold in headshops, although the exact compounds available have changed over time due to legislation.
In the UK, there have been three generations of synthetic cannabinoids in five years, with the second and third generations emerging in response to amendments to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, the 2009 Ordinance[145] and the 2013 Order[146], which classified many first- and second-generation synthetic cannabinoids as Class B drugs. Dennis Daugaard on February 23, 2012 (and which came into force immediately due to a emergency clause in the state constitution). [174] Indiana banned synthetic cannabinoids in a law that went into effect in March 2012. [175] North Carolina unanimously banned synthetic cannabis that mimics cannabis by the state Senate due to concerns that its content and effects could be reasonably similar to cannabis and have the same effects in terms of psychological dependence. [176] [177] Since June 2010, JWH-018, along with a variety of other synthetic drugs, has been illegal. [125] In recent years, many “new” drugs have appeared on the market. These are often advertised as “legal highs”, although in many cases they are not legal. These substances are also marketed as “synthetic drugs”, “party pills”, “research chemicals” or “plant foods” and are often used in place of other illegal drugs. They are sometimes sold in stores or online and marketed as “legal” and “safe”. However, many contain ingredients that are actually illegal and can be very dangerous. Spice is legal in Slovakia.
The National Anti-Drug Unit is considering adding it to the list of controlled substances. [138] The latest version of the Anti-Drug Law (468/2009), in force since January 2010, does not mention any active ingredients in Spice. [139] The synthetic cannabinoids that have emerged recently exhibit even greater structural diversity, perhaps to undermine legal requirements for previous generations of synthetic cannabinoids. There are a few different structural classifications of synthetic cannabinoids that contain many new structures, some of which are presented in Table One. The indazole-carboxamide group, including APINACA (AKB-48), an adamantyl-indazole carboxamide, and AB-PINACA, an aminocarbonyl-indazole carboxamide, is an example of a new group of synthetic cannabinoids. [82] Most clandestine manufacturers and producers make only small changes to the structure of a synthetic cannabinoid, such as replacing an indole with an indole structure (AM-2201 to THJ-2201) or a terminal substitute for fluorine; [7] An unprecedented group when it was discovered by forensic scientists in 2013 was the synthetic cannabinoids of quinoline esters. [8] On June 17, 2011, the Western Australian government banned all synthetic cannabinoids in existing products, including brands such as Kronic, Kalma, Voodoo, Kaos and Mango Kush. Western Australia was the first Australian state to ban the sale of certain synthetic cannabinoids. [188] [189] On June 18, 2013, a temporary ban prohibited the sale of a large list of brands of products and synthetic substances throughout Australia. [190] This ban expired on July 13. October 2013, and a permanent ban was not imposed.
[191] Synthetic cannabinoids and related products remain illegal in New South Wales, where a law was passed on September 18, 2013, banning entire families of synthetic drugs, rather than simply banning existing compounds that have been identified. [192] [193] The introduction of this Act makes New South Wales the first Australian state to completely ban substances with psychoactive properties. [193] In recent years, synthetic cannabinoid blends have become easy to purchase in drug accessory stores, fancy stores, gas stations and on the Internet.